Certificates

Enterprise Browser 2.5

Overview

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Certificates can be used by Enterprise Browser to establish a secure connection (via HTTPS) between a device and a server to protect highly confidential transactions such as those involving financial institutions and commerce sites. The Enterprise Browser Webkit supports Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.2, and allows certificates for clients and servers to be configured according to the security requirements of any application.

This guide explains how client-side certificates are used on Zebra devices running Android and Windows Mobile/CE, how to create them for a device, and how to store and specify their location on the device so that Enterprise Browser can access them when needed. For help creating server-side certificates, please refer to the server's documentation.

See also: TLS/SSL Compliance guide.

OpenSSL

Tools such as OpenSSL can be useful for creating and working with certificates, and most of of its capabilities are accessible through CLI commands. Some typical usages are shown below. Before attempting to create certificates using the steps below, download OpenSSL and install it.

Generate a self-signed certificate

To create a self-signed certificate, a private key must exist to encrypt into the certificate. If an existing private key can be used, skip to Step 2. To generate a new key, begin with Step 1.

To generate a self-signed certificate:

1. Generate a basic key with no passphrase:

    
    openssl genrsa -out privkey.pem

2. Use the key file generated in Step 1 (or an existing key) to create a self-signed certificate:

    
    openssl req -new -x509 -key privkey.pem -out capturableacert.pem -days 365

3. A series of questions appears. Leave all fields blank (by pressing ENTER) except the "Common Name" field-- which should contain the domain name that will serve the certificate.

4. Add the private key file to the web server according to the server's documentation.

5. Add the certificate file to the web client as described above.

Inspect a certificate

To decode the contents of a certificate:

            ::term
            openssl x509 -in cacert.pem -text -noout
  • The Common Name is shown as "Subject: CN="
  • The signing authority is shown as Issuer: CN=, which will be the same as Subject for a self-signed certificate.

Convert certificate format

To convert a .der format certificate to .pem format:


openssl x509 -inform der -in cacert.der -out cacert.pem

Android

Enterprise Browser https:// requests on Android can be done in two ways, and are subject to the following rules:

  • Using system browser navigation with a WebView component:
    • The system browser uses built-in, system-trusted storage for root CAs.
    • Root certificates should be installed from the system menu, and will be used by any application that uses a WebView UI component (such as a browser).
    • Reference navigation in EB also will use this method.
    • EB currently supports only server SSL authentication for WebView.
    • Browser-based client authentication is supported on Lollipop devices running EB 1.7 and higher.
  • Using certificate formats:
    • Certificate files must contain the certificate data between "BEGIN" and "END" lines.
    • Android accepts any certificate format that represents the certificate as encoded text. These files typically end with a .crt or .pem extension.
    • Certificates in the .der format are not supported. See the OpenSSL section for conversion instructions.

Windows Mobile/CE

This section applies only to https:// requests made by Webkit.

SSL Server certificates

To access server certificates (beyond the pre-loaded ones) from apps made with Enterprise Browser for Windows Mobile/CE with Webkit, specify the path to those certificates using the CaFile parameter in the Config.xml file. The "CaFile" itself can contain one or more certificates, which are treated by Webkit as trusted authorities. Expired certificates are ignored.

To deploy certificates in a CaFile called mycert.pem for example, copy the certificate file to the device and specify the path to the file in the Config.xml using the syntax below: 


<CaFile Value=”\\mycert.pem”>


SSL Client certificates

The use of client certificates from Windows Mobile/CE with Webkit is supported only on Enterprise Browser 1.5 and higher. When a secure server requests a certificate during an SSL handshake, EB will analyze and send any that qualify to the server. Note: The server must be configured to accept client certificates. Refer to the server documentation, if necessary.

To generate a client certificate for WM/CE with Webkit:

1. Generate a basic key file with a passphrase, noting the passphrase and file name. Refer to the OpenSSL documentation, if necessary.

2. Use the key file generated in Step 1 to create a self-signed certificate: 

    
    openssl req -new -x509 -key privkey.pem -out capturableacert.pem -days 365

3. A series of questions appears. Leave all fields blank (by pressing ENTER) except the "Common Name" field, which should contain the domain name of the server that will accept the client certificate.

4. Create a new text file using any editor app that can save plain text.

5. Copy and paste the contents of the files created in Steps 1 and 2 into the new file using the guidelines below:

The format of certificate files is customized slightly so that all necessary information is stored conveniently in one place. The following three pieces of information are expected to be in single .pem file:

Certificate:

This will be a Base64 encoded set of data enclosed by the -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- and -----END CERTIFICATE----- statements. It is also a requirement that the certificate is signed with an organisation name as this is used for matching against server certificates. This organisation name is specified in the subject and issuer lines of the certificate and must therefore also exist within the file.

Private Key:

This will be a Base64 encoded set of data enclosed by the -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- and -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- statements. The key encryption will also be detailed within these statements.

Password:

This is necessary to decode the certificate and private key and must be specified in the format: “password:<password>”

The three components can be specified in any order within a .pem file.

6. Save the client certificate with a .pem extension and push it to the device.

7. Specify the path to the certificate file on the device in the ClientCertPath parameter of the Config.xml file.

The device will now be able to connect using SSL (https://) to the specified server.